Factors Contributing to Malnutrition in Children Under 5 in the Tongor Sub-District, South Dayi District, Volta Region, Ghana

Abstract

Background: Malnutrition remains a significant public health challenge, particularly among children under five years of age in developing regions. In the Tongor Sub-District of South Dayi District, Volta Region, Ghana, various factors contribute to the prevalence of malnutrition, adversely affecting child health and development. Aim: This study seeks to identify the socio-economic, dietary, healthcare, and environmental factors contributing to malnutrition among children under five in the Tongor Sub-District, to inform targeted interventions and policies. Methodology: A quantitative cross-sectional approach was employed, utilizing a structured questionnaire administered via KoboCollect on tablet devices. The questionnaire was divided into socio-demographic information, dietary intake, anthropometric information, environmental and sanitation factors, and maternal and caregiver practices. Participants were selected using a stratified multistage sampling technique, where five key healthcare facilities serving the community will be identified as strata. Results: The study revealed varying dietary diversity among children under five years in the Tongor Subdistrict. Fish and seafood were the most commonly consumed protein sources (60.5%), followed by vegetables (55.5%) and cakes or biscuits (44.8%). Less than 30% of children consumed dark green leafy vegetables, meat, or starchy staples, while the least consumed food groups included groundnuts, dairy products, and organ meats. Additionally, children aged 48–59 months were significantly more likely to be underweight (AOR = 5.61, p=0.015), and reliance on unimproved water sources was associated with higher odds of underweight status (AOR = 2.62, p=0.028). Conclusion: Nutritional status was significantly associated with child age and household water sources, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to improve dietary practices and access to safe water. Strengthening nutrition education and addressing environmental factors are critical to reducing undernutrition among young children in the subdistrict.